Introduction
Well, there's an obvious contrast in this particular chapter. It's marked in verse 10. But you have carefully followed my doctrine. He sets forth the character of men in the last times.
He highlights that again in verse 13. When he says, but evil men and imposters will grow worse and worse, deceiving and being deceived. But you, he says in verse fourteen. So he's making a positive statement to Timothy on how he is to conduct himself in the last days.
If you back up for just a moment there in chapter three at verse one, he says, know this, that in the last days, perilous times will come. A lot of times we hear today that we're living in the last days or the last days are still in our future. The last days is biblical shorthand to refer to that time between the first and the second coming of the Lord Jesus Christ. We know that because Tim or Paul describes the character of these men.
And then he tells Timothy from such withdraw yourself. The implication is clear. Timothy is living in the last days. Timothy is surrounded by these types of men.
So what we find in our own day when we are tempted to say, boy, look at how bad it is. It was just as bad in Timothy's day. There is nothing new under the sun. Now, certainly we hear about it a lot more, a lot more today.
I mean, we can hear about that horrible rape that occurred in Arizona. Those four young people raping a young woman. I mean, we hear about these things. But it's not as if these things never occurred.
All that Paul describes there in second Timothy chapter three verses one to five were the types of things confronting Timothy in his ministry in Ephesus in the first century. He says in verse five, having a form of godliness, but denying its power and from such people turn away. So the implication is that Timothy himself, along with us, are living in the last days and those last days are punctuated with godless men, unrighteous men, men that are engaged in secular humanism. We see that in the text.
They are lovers of themselves. We see materialism. People are lovers of money, lovers of stuff, lovers of things. We see just a godlessness that typifies unregenerate men.
And so the contrast here for Timothy is that he steep himself, that he saturate his mind, that he fill his soul with the knowledge of God's Holy Scripture. That is evident again from verse fourteen. You must continue in the things which you have learned and been assured of, knowing from whom you have learned that he learned from a godly mother. He learned from a godly grandmother, and he's also learned from the apostle Paul verse fifteen.
He said in that from childhood you have known the Holy Scriptures. which are able to make you wise for salvation through faith, which is in Christ Jesus. This reference to the Holy Scriptures is primarily referring to the Old Testament, because at the time Paul wrote this, which was his last letter prior to his death, history or tradition tells us that he died under Nero. that he had his head chopped off because he was a faithful witness and he was a faithful servant of the Lord Jesus Christ. He probably died around AD 64. This was his last letter that he penned.
But the sacred scriptures of the New Testament at this point, it was in print or most of it was in print, but it had not been collected together. And so, the reference here to Holy Scriptures teaches us very clearly that one can take the Old Testament and that Old Testament can make us wise unto salvation through faith in Jesus Christ. If you neglect the Old Testament, you are neglecting a great deal of material concerning the Lord Jesus Christ. Now, it's good to give away New Testament, but it's better to give away whole Bibles.
It's good to read the New Testament, but it's better to read the whole the whole Bible. And this is Paul's emphasis. And then I think he sets forth here for our purposes this evening, a wonderful doctrine of Scripture. He says all Scripture is given by inspiration of God and is profitable for doctrine for reproof for correction for instruction in righteousness that the man of God may be complete. thoroughly equipped for every good work.
So he speaks, first of all, of the extent all Scripture. And I want to show us that this includes both the old and the New Testament. Secondly, he speaks of its character. He says it is given by inspiration of God.
And we'll look at that in a bit, in just a moment. And then he speaks of its usefulness or of its profitability. We are to avail ourselves of the Word of God. We are to search it.
We are to look to it. We are to follow its precepts and its commandments. We are to receive from it all that the Lord God has intended.
The Extent of Scripture
But notice, first of all, the extent. He said all scripture. Now, very often people don't challenge the authority of the Old Testament because all throughout the Old Testament it says, thus says the Lord, thus says the Lord. We have various occasions, various instances where God commands Moses to write down everything in a book.
We see that in the prophet Jeremiah. We see it with Isaiah. We see it with the prophets of Israel, where God stamps his authority all throughout the Old Testament. In fact, the New Testament refers very often to the Old Testament.
The various times we read it is written, and then there's an appeal to the Old Testament. It shows us or highlights for us its authority, its usefulness, or it's the fact that it's of God. But I just want to look at a couple of texts that refer to the Old Testament in the new. Luke 24, you can turn there.
I want you to see these passages and I want you to have an accurate doctrine or understanding of Scripture, because the Scripture is foundational for us. It is that that word. It is that truth by which we conduct ourselves, by which we live, by which we move and have our being.
Old Testament Authority in the New
Luke 24. beginning in verse twenty-five. The scene here is Jesus has rose from the dead and he is walking on the Emmaus road with two men who, up to this point, he has not revealed his glory to. They are still unaware of the fact that this is Jesus. And notice in verse twenty-five it says, He said to them, O foolish ones, and slow of heart to believe in all that the prophets have spoken.
Ought not the price to have suffered these things and to enter into his glory and beginning at Moses and all the prophets he expounded to them in all the Scriptures the things concerning himself. That means he went to the book of Genesis. That means he went to the book of Leviticus. That means he went to Deuteronomy.
That means he went to the prophet Isaiah. He went to Micah. He went to Amos. He went to Joel.
He went to 1st and 2nd Samuel. He went to those scriptures and he explained or expounded to them how those things were written concerning himself. And notice in chapter 24 at verse 44, Then he said to them, these are the words which I spoke to you while I was still with you that all things must be fulfilled which were written in the law of Moses and the prophets and the songs notice concerning me. Again, this idea that we don't need the Old Testament is absolutely foreign to the New Testament.
We need the scriptures, the entirety, the totality. In many ways, the New Testament scriptures don't make a lot of sense without the old. Augustine said that the old is in the new or the old is in the new revealed and the new is in the old concealed. We need both because they present to us. the glory and the majesty of Jesus Christ, verse forty five.
He opened their understanding that they might comprehend the Scriptures. And then that classic passage in John five, verse thirty nine, John five, verse thirty nine. Again, my hope and prayer is, is that you'll learn these passages. My mind, there's nothing more embarrassing than a Christian saying, well, the Bible says somewhere.
No, the Bible says right here. When you're trying to prove something, you're trying to testify to a sinner or trying to refute a cultist or some person with a mistaken understanding. Know what the scripture says. These things are worth fighting for.
These things are worth dying for. As Scourgeon has well said, the Bible is a blood soaked book. Reformers and martyrs and confessors have all died confessing and defending this book. And in the 21st century, when we have the availability of the scriptures that we do, when we can pull out an iPod and look at the Bible, when we have it in tape, we have an insert, we have everything.
And yeah, I don't know. Somewhere the Bible says this. Write it down if you have to underline it in your Bible, write it in your heart so that you're able to tell people why you believe what you believe. Our faith is reasonable.
God doesn't ask us to take a blind leap and just hopefully everything works out. No, the Bible is given for our instruction.
Christ and the Scriptures
John five, verse thirty nine. You search the Scriptures for in them. You think you have eternal life and these are they which testify of me. Dealing with unbelieving Jews here, he says, you have the scriptures, you search the scriptures, you want eternal life.
But all the while you neglect me, you're rejecting me. But these very scriptures testify of me. And then notice in verse forty six, if you believe Moses, you would believe me, for he wrote about me. Now, brethren, this must have angered them amazingly.
Well, we know as much because as we travel through the book of John, what do we find on several occasions? How do they respond to Jesus teaching the way any God hating rebel does? They pick up rocks and try to throw the rocks at him and destroy him. These men boasted of being Moses disciples.
These men prided themselves on an understanding of the Old Testament. These men put scripture verses in boxes that they wore around their arms. I've seen Jews today at the airport when I've traveled with their open scriptures sitting there reciting like in the middle of, you know, the whole, whatever they call that, not gangway, whatever that area is called, where all the people are waiting for the plane. These are people who esteem Moses, allegedly.
Christ says to them, if you believe Moses, you would believe me. Why? For he wrote about me. You neglect the Old Testament.
You are neglecting the Lord Jesus Christ. All scripture is given by inspiration of God. Do not make the mistake of simply focusing on one area to the neglect of others, read Psalm 78, read the book of Exodus, understand God's redemptive plan, understand the promise given in Genesis 3 and how it's opened up and unfolded and in the fullness of the time Christ comes. Born of a woman born under the law in fulfillment of that first gospel promise in Genesis three fifteen.
But of course, this statement refers to the New Testament as well. All scripture is given by inspiration of God.
Old and New Quoted Together
You can turn to First Timothy five. First Timothy five. One place or a particular instance where we see old and New Testament quoted together to prove a particular point. First, Timothy, Chapter 5, verse 17.
Let the elders who rule well be counted worthy of double honor, especially those who labor in the word and doctrine for the scripture says you shall not muzzle an ox while it treads out the grain and the labor is worthy of his wages. The scripture says you shall not muzzle an ox while it treads out the grain. Deuteronomy. You don't put a muzzle on the ox when it's working.
Why? Because the ox should get to eat. The ox should get to gobble up some of the grain. The ox needs the nutrients and the fortification so that he can continue in his oxing endeavor, so that he can please his master.
He says, you shall not muzzle an ox while it treads out the grain and the labor is worthy of his wages. This is out of Luke's gospel. So he says the scripture says, and he quotes for us old and New Testaments. Second, Peter chapter one.
Second Peter chapter one, you may turn there again. These are the classic passages. There are certain doctrines or certain text rather than a classic passages for the doctrine under consideration. Like the deity of Jesus, for instance, the fact that he's God, you should know John twenty twenty eight.
When Peter or Thomas said, my Lord and my God, classic passage, you might not want to forget that one. Well, these are the classic passages dealing with the authority and the inspiration, the infallibility, inerrancy of God's holy word, the scripture. Second, Peter, chapter one, verse 19. And so we have the prophetic word confirmed, which you do well to heed as a light that shines in a dark place.
Until the day dawns in the morning star rises in your hearts, knowing this first that no prophecy of scriptures of any private interpretation for prophecy never came by the will of man, but holy men of God spoke as they were moved by the Holy Spirit. Again, in 2 Peter chapter 3, notice in verse 1, Beloved, I now write to you this second epistle in both of which I stir up your pure minds by way of reminder that you may be mindful of the words. Now notice this, which were spoken before by the holy prophets and of the commandment of us, the apostles of the Lord and Savior. refers to the holy prophets of old, and now he refers to the apostles of our Lord and Savior. The apostles were conscious.
They were mindful. They were knowledgeable that the very words they were writing were God's words. They didn't just go out and take drugs and let their hand take root and just whatever it was they produce. Wow, this is a word from the Lord.
No, they were conscious that they were being used by God to communicate the word. That's even more evident at the end of 2 Peter. Notice in chapter 3, verse 14. It says, therefore, beloved, looking forward to these things, be diligent to be found by him in peace without spot and blameless and consider that the long suffering of our Lord is salvation.
As also our beloved brother Paul, according to the wisdom given to him, has written to you as also in all his epistles. speaking in them of these things, in which are some things hard to understand, which untaught and unstable people twist to their own destruction, as they do also notice the rest of the Scriptures. What Paul was writing in his epistles was just like the rest of the scriptures, is what Peter said. All of Paul's letters were written according to wisdom given to him. They were all written within the category of divinely inspired scripture.
And they had that power when those who twisted and distorted them, they would be destroyed. So, all Scripture includes both the old and the New Testaments. Paul insisted that his letters be read. This is amazing.
He's writing the churches and he's saying, read this publicly. Well, you only did that with the Scripture. Right. First Thessalonians 527, he demanded that his letter be read.
He insisted that his letters be exchanged in Colossians chapter 4. Church in Colossi and the church in Laodicea were to exchange the letters they had received from the Apostle Paul and they were to read them in the congregation. Paul insisted that his letters be obeyed. In fact, in 2 Thessalonians, he says, make sure everybody obeys our word in this letter.
If they don't obey, note them and reprove them and deal with them severely. And Paul insisted that his words were taught by the Holy Spirit. First Corinthians chapter two, and then as well in First Thessalonians two, he commends the church in Thessalonica because you received our word, not as the word of man, but as it is in truth, the word of God.
Plenary Inspiration Defined
So all scripture that means from Genesis to Revelation. All the Bible, the law, the prophets, the New Testament documents, the songs, the proverbs, every bit of it. We speak of plenary. That means the fullness of it, the wholeness of it, the completeness of it.
Every single word is given by inspiration of God, and that is its character.
The Character of Scripture
Secondly, Paul says all scripture is given by inspiration of God. Now, what does that mean? I think we have a warped view at times of what just this inspiration means. We get inspired when we see a beautiful sunset and we might want to write a poem.
We get inspired when we hear a beautiful piece of music and we might want to compose a love song for our wives or our husbands. That's not inspiration. I mean, it is in one sense, but it's not what Paul's speaking of here. He's not saying these men just felt sort of religious and near to God and they took pen to paper and they wrote some things that they thought might be helpful.
The NIV is accurate in its translation here. All scripture is God breathed. That's what it means. God breathed.
So when God took Moses, when he took Isaiah, when he took Jeremiah, when he took Paul, when he took Peter, when he took James, when he took Jude, God breathed his word through those human vessels. So that the word that they wrote was, in fact, God's holy word. Robert Raymond says, just as God's breath or his word created all the host of heaven, Psalm thirty three, six, just as his breath gave physical life to Adam and all mankind. Remember, God breathed the breath of life into the nostril of Adam, just as his breath gave spiritual life to Israel, the Valley of Dry Bones.
So also his powerful, creative breath In its word form is living and active, imperishable and abiding. And through it, God's spirit imparts new life to the soul. So the extent is all the character. It is God breathed the Puritan set of the old and the New Testaments.
These are the two lips of almighty God. And we need to understand this. In fact, if you just keep in your mind four eyes,
Inspiration, Infallibility, and Inerrancy
Four eyes, not four eyes, but the letter I, you got the doctrine of scripture, inspiration, infallibility, inerrancy and instructability. Instructability means what Paul says later on, and we'll see in a moment, it's profitable. It instructs us. The fact is, God's word is inspired and because it is because God is spoken, because as we saw this morning, he is the Lord God of truth.
Paul says in Titus one, he cannot lie. His word is infallible. Infallibility means that it cannot lie. It is incapable of lying.
God cannot contradict himself. God does not lie and neither does his word. So, if the word is infallible, it is certainly inerrant. Inerrant means it does not lie.
If you follow biblical studies or theology or anything having to do with the discipline of inspiration and the scripture and all that, over the last, I don't know, 50 years, inerrancy has been a big topic of debate. Is the Bible inerrant? Does the Bible contain errors? I mean, when the Bible says that the sun rises, are we to actually believe, contrary to scientific verification, that the sun rises?
So inerrancy has been a great big debate, which inerrancy means the Bible does not lie. Sometimes people have tried to affirm infallibility and denied inerrancy. So what you're saying is that it cannot lie. But it does lie.
No, an infallible Bible, brethren, is an inerrant Bible. An infallible Bible that cannot lie certainly does not lie.
The Baptist Catechism on Scripture
There's a Baptist version of the Westminster Shorter Catechism. You know, I've mentioned some classic passages and some, you know, four eyes. Well, here's one more thing you can add to your arsenal of good things to to fight for a biblical doctrine of the Bible itself. The question says, are the scriptures trustworthy and all that they affirm?
And the answer says the scriptures of both the Old and New Testaments being God breathed are infallible and inerrant in all their parts. and are therefore trustworthy in all that they affirm concerning history, science, ethics, doctrine, religious practice or any other topic. That's a great statement. That's what the Bible says about itself. The only part of the 20th century people used to scoff at the Bible because it spoke of the Hivites.
Oh, there were no Hivites. Oh, yes, there were Hivites. Later on in the 20th century, Hivite culture and civilization, whatever was left of it, was founded. But you know, that doesn't prove the Bible.
We ought not to go to that, because then that becomes our standard of authority. We look to archaeology. We ought to worship archaeology. We look to external evidences to verify the Bible.
They become more authoritative in the final analysis. We start from the scripture. We use the Bible. We argue from it to deal with everything else.
So it's extent, all scripture, it's character, it's God-braved.
The Usefulness of Scripture
And then thirdly, it's useful mass. Paul says it's profitable for doctrine. This means instruction and teaching. Doctrine.
Remember, on the day of Pentecost, when those people receive a gladly received the word, they were baptized. And then what did they do? They continued steadfastly in the apostles doctrine. They didn't say, let's just go home now.
We've been baptized, we're saved. Let's just go lay down and chill. No, they wanted the doctrine of the apostles. They wanted teaching.
It warmed my heart this morning. Steve read a letter from a pastor in Haiti. He said, in my 30 years as a Christian, I have never seen what we're seeing now. There's a certain area in northern Haiti where people want the Bible.
They want the truth. They want the word of God. They want preaching. You know, God is there when people want preaching, you know, God is in the midst when people want doctrine, when they're not thinking, man, it's ninety five degrees and it's almost six.
Can we go now? If you're thinking that you're not wicked, evil, malicious, horrible people. Apostles doctrine, Paul says it's useful, it's profitable for doctrine. John Murray said doctrine concerns the whole range of thought, respecting God, the world, man, man's paramount interests, his destiny.
If doctrine is to us cold, dead and lifeless, then there are only two alternatives. Either our doctrine is not a scripture. That's one alternative. It's cold, dead and lifeless.
It must not be the truth. Or the other alternative is this. We ourselves are cold. and lifeless. That's the other alternative.
We do anything or we do nothing properly without thought, and we think nothing right, except as we think the truth of him who is the king eternal, immortal, invisible, the only God, lack of biblical doctrine, his lack of interest in God and his will for us. And this is God bless. Amen, John Murray, a hundredfold. I agree with that completely.
Scripture for Reproof and Correction
Secondly, the Bible is useful for reproof. Reproof means rebuke for wrong behavior or wrong belief. There are times when we need the rebuking word of God. We go astray.
We are prone to wander. We are prone to leave the God that we love. That's why coming to church is important. First and foremost, you come to worship and praise God.
And secondly, you come to put yourself under the word so that you can be rebuked. Lloyd-Jones had a problem with taped sermons, said you can't put the Holy Spirit on tape and you can also turn the tape off. Interestingly enough, there are Lloyd-Jones sermons today on tape, but nevertheless, that was not his first choice. You see, some people want to sit at home and listen to sermons.
That's OK, as long as you're not absenting yourself from God's means publicly. See, as bad as it may get in here, as hot as it may get in here, and as loud as I may get, you can't press stop. And God may actually have something in here for you, because you started to stray. You started to go away.
You started to depart. You started to wander. You need to be rebuked. I need to be rebuked.
I need to listen to good sermons that plow up my soul, that get in my face. When I choose to listen to sermons, there are certain men I go to for this very reason, because I know my heart. I don't just need information. You don't just need information.
Teaching is the presentation of information. Preaching is the presentation of information with teeth. We need that we need reproof, we are prone to wander, we are prone to leave the God that we love after reproof, we need correction. Isn't that a beautiful statement the apostle gives us?
It's profitable for doctrine to instruct us, to teach us, to set forth the proper course. It reproves us or rebukes us when we've gone astray. And then it provides that necessary element of corruption. See, it's not enough just to say, yeah, we're wandering.
But how do I get back to the right and true path? How do I get to where I'm supposed to be? Well, the Bible furnishes that for us. The Bible in the Old Testament says, how can a young man?
How can a young man cleanse his way by taking heed according to your word? That's a great statement. It presupposes the young man's way stands in need of cleansing. God's not a humanist, he understands our hearts, he knows we're sinners.
He knows that a young man's way is already filthy and defiled, and it stands in need of cleansing. Well, how is it cleansed? By taking heed according to your word, by believing the gospel first and foremost, so that by God's grace I'm justified. By God's grace, Christ's righteousness is imputed to me.
But as well, in my life of sanctification, I'm studying the scripture, a young man, a young woman with all of the pressures and all of the temptations and all of the things that surround us in a godless culture. The only thing differing between Timothy's day and our day is that all this stuff is taken out from behind the closet, from behind closed doors, and it's thrust right out into the public arena. Second Timothy chapter 3, 1 to 5 is what we traffic in each and every single day. Secular humanism.
Men love themselves. Materialism. Men love money. Godlessness.
All these things are true and they are true in our context and with the Internet and with the television and with the news media and with, I mean, billboards and signs and all those things, brethren, it's always right there in our faces. How in the world could we go out into the day without taking heed according to God's word? How could we ever go out into this battlefield without putting on the whole armor of God, without taking out that sort of the spirit, without taking that shield of faith, without putting on that helmet of salvation, without shodding our feet with the gospel itself and going into battle that way? You see, the Bible is profitable for doctrine, reproof, correction, and then instruction and righteousness.
The Bible is the book for instructing God's children in the way they should go. Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path. Christ and his high priestly prayer said sanctify them by thy truth. Thy word is truth.
That is, in a nutshell, a doctrine of scripture, extent, character, and usefulness.
Application: Systematic Theology
And I just want to say, by way of closing, this ought to lead to a consistent systematic theology. Now, you can tell I've been listening to a lot of sermons or listening to a lot of lectures for the seminary course, but it's very important. Systematic theology means knowing what the Bible says in various categories and being able to use it. We all do this.
We should just do it right. Everybody has a systematic theology. We should just have the right one. J.
Gresham Machen defined systematic theology this way. He said it seeks to set forth no longer in the order of the time when it was revealed. That's biblical theology. Biblical theology begins with Genesis, goes through Revelation, takes out doctrine all along the way as it's given in its historical content.
Systematic theology difference. He says that it seeks to set forth no longer in the order of the time when it was revealed, but in the order of logical relationships, the grand sum of what God has told us in his word. It looks at the doctrine of the Bible, finds all those classic passages, gets it in the mind so that it's able to refer to people or to tell people about the doctrine of Scripture. It's the doctrine of God.
What does the Bible say about God? The Bible says God is glorious and powerful and majestic. The Bible says God is triune. So it takes all that teaching, all that data, and categorizes it in the mind, makes it available for ready reference.
The Bible goes on. A systematic theology deals with man. What does the Bible say about us? It says we were made upright, but we sought out many devices.
Systematic theology treats man in his original righteousness, it treats man in his depraved state, it treats man as being redeemed by grace, and it treats man as living forever with God. Systematic theology gathers up all that material and keeps it in a ready place. Then the system petition goes to Christology. What's the Bible say about Jesus?
Well, the Bible says he was prophet, priest and king. The Bible says he was pre-incarnate and then he came to a state of humiliation and then a state of exaltation. The Bible teaches he was God and man. The Bible teaches that his death at Calvary was substitutionary atonement on behalf of all the father gave him.
You see, that's systematic theology. It's the fruit ultimately of having studied your Bible. It's the fruit, ultimately, of having interpreted the Scriptures. And this is the goal, brethren.
This is what we want to be able to do. It's not good if your Bible sits on your shelf. It's not good if your Bible sits in your lap. It's good if your Bible is in your heart.
It's good if your Bible is in your head. It's good if you can rehearse those doctrines. It's good if you can tell others about the gospel without stammering, without being heretical, without botching it up. If you can't point a sinner to the Lord Jesus Christ, you need to repent.
If you can't tell people about sin, if you can't tell people about God, if you can't tell people about His holiness and His righteousness, and you can't tell people about the way He has made provision through Christ, you need to repent. You need to study. You need to learn. You have a responsibility.
God has made you to shine as a light in a crooked and perverse generation. It does no one any good for you not to understand Scripture. So, exegetical theology simply means taking the scripture, exegeting out of it. Luke used that word.
He expounded the scriptures. John 1.18 says that he who is in the bosom has declared or exegeted him. Exegesis simply means to read out of the passage what the Holy Spirit has intended. If you look at that sign, it says exit.
Exit means to go out of. We want to take out of the scripture. We don't want to put into it. We don't want to read into the Bible.
You know, ultimately, it doesn't mean it doesn't matter what the Bible means to you. It matters what the Bible means. Keep that in mind. It does not matter.
You get into a Bible study. What does this text mean to you? I don't care what it means to you. I care what it means as given by the Holy Spirit.
And so should you. Exegesis means that it means going to the text of Scripture and reading out of that text. by sane and faithful interpretation what the Spirit intended. Once we've done that, once we have those fruits, we then systematize it so that we're able to think in a manner that is consistent with Christ Himself. We are able to think in a manner consistent with Paul himself, and we are better witnesses, we are better worshipers, and we are better servants of God Most High.
Well, let us pray.
Closing Prayer
Father, we thank you for the scriptures and we just pray that you would help us to see the beauty of your holy word given by inspiration of God and profitable for all these things. Help us not to be lazy or to be negligent, but help us to take up and read. Help us to study, to show ourselves approved and help us, Lord God, with this sound doctrine to be an encouragement to those who believe and to be able to refute those who contradict. And I ask now that you would go with each one of us, watch over us and protect us, and we pray through Jesus Christ our Lord.
Amen.