Cited in sermons
Francis Turretin
171 sermons · All people cited
2LCF Chapter 1 - Of the Holy Scriptures (Paragraphs 1-3)
The 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith opens with the doctrine of Holy Scripture because all subsequent confessional theology stands or falls on this foundation. This session works through paragraphs 1–3 of Chapter 1, establishing first the necessity of Scripture — grounded in the insufficiency of general revelation for saving knowledge and the cessation of direct prophetic revelation — and then the identity of Scripture, treating the question of canon (which books belong) and the exclusion of the Apocrypha. Three criteria for canonicity are examined: the providential exposure of books, the divine attributes Scripture bears, and apostolic origin broadly understood.
The Dedication of the Temple
Solomon's prayer at the dedication of the temple in 1 Kings 8:22–53 is grounded not in Israel's merit but in the character of God — his incomparability, faithfulness, and transcendence held together with his immanence. The petitions that follow address every covenant curse Moses had warned of: civil injustice, military defeat, drought, famine, and exile, each met with Solomon's recurring plea that God hear from heaven and forgive. The prayer reaches beyond Israel to encompass the nations, anticipating the Gentile inclusion Paul expounds in Ephesians 3 and finding its ultimate fulfilment in the Lord Jesus Christ, the true Son of God who builds the eternal house of God. Believers are exhorted to imitate Solomon's theology-saturated prayer, to receive affliction as God's appointed means of conformity to Christ, and to rest in the faithfulness of a God who has always kept his covenant promises.
The Sixth Commandment
The Sixth Commandment — 'You shall not murder' (Exodus 20:13) — addresses far more than the physical act of killing; it presupposes the dignity of every human being as an image-bearer of God and condemns unrighteous hatred of the heart. This sermon expounds the Hebrew word for murder, distinguishing it from lawful killing in capital punishment, just war, and self-defense, before pressing the command's indictment of abortion and euthanasia as violations of the sanctity of life. Jesus's teaching in Matthew 5 extends the commandment's reach to unwarranted anger and character assassination, and the three uses of the law — civil, pedagogical, and normative — frame both the church's public witness and the believer's ongoing sanctification. The sermon closes by insisting that the most faithful response to a death culture is to preach both the law and the cross of Christ.
Late in Time Behold Him Come
Galatians 4:4–5 declares that the Son of God entered history at the precise moment determined in the eternal covenant of redemption — not a moment early or late, but at the fullness of the times. The sermon works through four heads: the moment of Christ's coming as the convergence of eternal decree, prophetic anticipation, typological terminus, and Old Covenant tutelage's completion; the mission of the sent Son as the assumption of humanity by the omnipresent divine Word; the mystery of His humiliation in being born of a woman and born under the law as last Adam, obedient servant, and satisfier of the law's penal demands; and the meaning of the Incarnation as the redemption of law-breakers and their adoption as sons of God. The sermon calls believers to daily joy in so great a salvation and urges unbelievers to repent and believe before the day of forced submission.
The Spirit's Ministry to the Apostles
John 16:12–15 presents the Spirit's ministry to the apostles as the continuation and completion of Christ's own self-disclosure to the disciples. The sermon expounds Jesus' promise that the Spirit of Truth will guide the apostles into all truth, situating that promise within the doctrine of the Trinity — specifically the eternal processions of the Son and Spirit and their corresponding temporal missions. The Spirit's 'not speaking on his own authority' is shown to mirror Christ's own language about receiving all things from the Father, testifying not to any inferiority of persons but to the consubstantiality of the three divine persons, each possessing the whole divine essence undivided. The congregation is called to pursue the knowledge of the triune God as the foundation for every other duty of the Christian life.
The Spirit's Conviction of the World
The Holy Spirit's conviction of the world — of sin, of righteousness, and of judgment — is not a promise that every hearer will be saved, but a declaration that the Spirit will confirm the identity and vindication of Jesus Christ through the apostolic proclamation. Drawing on John 16:8–11 alongside Acts 2 and Acts 24, this sermon argues that the Spirit's primary work in the world is to expose unbelief in Christ, to declare the sufficiency of Christ's imputed righteousness, and to announce the judgment already rendered against the ruler of this world at the cross. The church's calling is therefore not to measure success by numerical response but to preach sin, righteousness, and judgment faithfully, trusting the Spirit to do His own sovereign work.
The Blessing of Gospel Rest
Matthew 11:25–30 grounds the gospel invitation — 'Come to me, all you who labor and are heavy laden' — in the sovereign will of the Father and the mediatorial office of the Son, so that the call to rest is inseparable from the doctrines of election and definite atonement. Jesus thanks the Father for hiding these things from the self-wise and revealing them to babes, declaring that all sovereign authority over salvation belongs to Him as the God-man and mediator. The 'rest' He offers is not relief from physical toil but deliverance from the crushing burden of sin and the impossible demands of pharisaical religion, received through faith alone. Those who come to Christ in faith are also exhorted to take His yoke — the life of sanctification — which is not oppressive bondage but the glad obedience of those justified freely by grace.
The Regulative Principle of Worship
The regulative principle of worship holds that only what God explicitly commands in Scripture is acceptable in corporate worship — nothing may be added, altered, or subtracted. This sermon works through the Old Testament foundation of that principle, tracing the divine appointment of worship through the moral law of Exodus 20, the ceremonial law governing the tabernacle and priesthood, and the stark warning of Deuteronomy 12:32. The contrast between Nadab and Abihu's condemned "strange fire" and the fire of divine approval in Leviticus 9 illustrates that God judges the manner of worship, not only its object. The congregation is exhorted to approach the living God obediently rather than creatively, recognizing that the same consuming fire who regulated Old Covenant worship governs New Covenant worship unchanged.
2LCF Chapter 17 - Of the Perseverance of the Saints, Part 1
The 1689 London Baptist Confession chapter 17 on the perseverance of the saints is examined through its first two paragraphs, grounding the doctrine in the preserving power of the triune God rather than in the free will of the believer. The Confession is shown to be both rigorously doctrinal and remarkably practical, acknowledging the storms, unbelief, and apparent withdrawal of God that saints genuinely experience while insisting that these cannot sever the elect from grace. The foundation of perseverance is traced through the immutability of the decree of election, the merit and intercession of Christ, the abiding of the Spirit, and the nature of the covenant of grace — directly opposing both Roman Catholic and Arminian accounts that make final salvation contingent on human cooperation. Believers are exhorted to feed their souls on the promises of the covenant of grace precisely because perseverance is secured by God's unchangeable love, not by their performance.
CTF 2024 Session 7 - Q&A Panel Discussion
A conference Q&A panel addresses a wide range of confessional, theological, and pastoral questions arising from lectures on the 1689 Second London Baptist Confession and its relationship to broader Reformed orthodoxy. Topics range from the nature of creedal subscription and what it means to be Reformed, to the hermeneutics of typology, the mystery language of Ephesians 3, the humanity and knowledge of Christ, divine immutability and impassibility, and the differences between the Second London Confession and the Three Forms of Unity. The panel consistently grounds its answers in the churchly authority of confessions over individual interpretation, the centrality of the means of grace for generational faithfulness, and the necessity of theological humility before the accumulated witness of the church.
Ask FGBC #6 - Why is historical confessional Christianity important?
The question of why historical confessional Christianity matters is addressed by examining what Scripture itself says about the gifts Christ gives to his church. Drawing on Ephesians 4 and Matthew 28, the argument is made that creeds and confessions are the accumulated fruit of those gifts — the best doctrinal articulation the church has produced across centuries of theological controversy, from Nicaea and Chalcedon through the Second London Confession. To reject them in favor of a 'no creed but the Bible' posture is not humility but a subtle repudiation of the very ecclesiology the Bible commands, and it leaves individuals without the guardrails that preserve orthodox Christianity.
Ask FGBC #4: Is Accepting Salvation a Choice? (Hyper-Calvinism)
Is accepting salvation a choice, and does that choice conflict with divine election? This Q&A addresses the relationship between the general call of the gospel and the effectual call of God, arguing that human faith is a real act of the will, but one that presupposes prior regeneration — sinners are dead in trespasses and sins and must be born again before they can believe. The discussion also addresses the pastoral problem of assurance, directing struggling believers away from introspection and personal performance toward the objectivity of Christ's finished work and his ongoing intercession as High Priest and advocate.
2LCF Chapter 8 - Of Christ the Mediator, Part 4
The person of the Lord Jesus Christ — his true humanity, sinlessness, and mediatorial office — is examined through paragraphs 2, 3, and 7 of the 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith chapter 8. The session works through the Virgin birth by the power of the Holy Spirit, the essential properties and common infirmities of Christ's assumed human nature, his sinlessness according to that nature, and the role of the Holy Spirit in equipping him for his mediatorial task. Paragraph 7's doctrine of the communicatio idiomatum is then treated, establishing what may and may not properly be said of Christ given the hypostatic union of two natures in one person.
2LCF Chapter 8 - Of Christ the Mediator, Part 3
The incarnation of the Son of God — that the eternal, divine Son took to himself a true and complete human nature without ceasing to be God — stands at the centre of the Christian religion and is inseparable from the doctrine of salvation. This confession study works through 2LCF Chapter 8, paragraphs 2 and 7, first clearing away eight historical errors about what the incarnation is not (mutation, docetism, a heavenly body, a bodyless appearance, an animal soul without a human soul, a mixing of natures, a divestiture of divine attributes, and a Nestorian conjunction of persons), then positively establishing the language of assumption, union, and incarnation as the church's consistent witness from the apostolic era forward. The Son did not subtract from nor add to himself; he took to himself that which he was not while remaining fully what he eternally is, and the Trinity — Father, Son, and Spirit — acts undividedly in this work, though it terminates on the Son alone.
The Feasts of the Lord
Leviticus 23 sets before Israel a calendar of holy convocations — the weekly Sabbath, the spring feasts of Passover, Unleavened Bread, and Weeks, and the fall feasts of Trumpets, Atonement, and Tabernacles — all commanded by God as the covenant head of his people. These feasts served to remind Israel of their redemptive history, promote joy and community, encourage charity, deter idolatry, and provide rest. As ceremonial law, they were typological ordinances pointing forward to Christ, and their perpetuity was covenantally conditioned: with the inauguration of the New Covenant, Christ abrogated them. The weekly Sabbath, however, rests on moral law grounded in creation and redemption and remains binding on the New Covenant people of God, who are called to observe the Lord's Day — not the Old Covenant feasts — as the appointed time for corporate worship.
Death Penalty, Part 3
Romans 13:1–7 furnishes the New Testament's clearest warrant for civil government bearing the sword, including capital punishment — yet common objections, both biblical and pragmatic, continue to challenge this teaching. This third installment of a study arising from Leviticus 20 addresses the two most significant biblical objections: the pacifist misreading of Matthew 5:38–42 and the attempt to leverage John 8:1–11 against lawful execution. The sermon argues that Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount is correcting the misapplication of the lex talionis to personal relationships, not dismantling civil jurisprudence, and that his handling of the woman caught in adultery actually upholds Mosaic evidentiary law rather than nullifying capital punishment. Five pragmatic objections — that the death penalty is incompatible with Christian forgiveness, lacks mercy, risks executing the innocent, fails to deter, and forecloses salvation — are each answered from Scripture and reason.
The Explanation of the Hour
John 12:27–36 presents Christ at the threshold of the cross, his soul genuinely troubled yet wholly resolved to do the Father's will. This sermon expounds the theological weight of that moment: the true humanity of the Son of God, the Old Testament prophecy that framed his mission, and the glory of the Father as the animating purpose behind Calvary. The cross is not an accident or a tragedy — it is the hour for which the eternal Son entered time, bearing the cup of divine wrath as the only sufficient substitute for sinners who cannot redeem themselves. Unbelievers are pressed with urgency: while the light remains, believe on Christ and become sons of light.
2LCF Chapter 4 - Of Creation
Creation is not a brute fact but a deliberate act of the undivided Trinity — Father, Son, and Holy Spirit — for the manifestation of His eternal power, wisdom, and goodness. This study of 2LCF Chapter 4 traces what creation is (all things not God, made ex nihilo and from previously created matter), who created (the triune God whose immutability and eternality mean creation produced no change in Him), and what man is within creation (a being made male and female, bearing reasonable and immortal souls, the image of God in knowledge, righteousness, and true holiness). The chapter culminates in the covenant of works: man was not created in covenant but was brought into covenant by God's voluntary condescension, establishing the pre-fall communion whose loss in Adam and recovery in the second Adam frames the entire remainder of the confession.
2LCF Chapter 3 - Of God's Decree
God's eternal decree—that He has foreordained whatsoever comes to pass, freely and unchangeably, from the counsel of His own most wise and holy will—is the subject of 2LCF Chapter 3. This study works through all seven paragraphs of the confession, grounding the doctrine first in divine sovereignty (God is most absolute, most free, and all-sufficient), then examining the decree's scope over all things, its special application to the predestination of the elect through Jesus Christ, and the reprobation of the wicked to the praise of His glorious justice. The decree is shown to be identical with the divine essence itself—eternal and unchangeable—and the means ordained by God (the redemptive work of Christ, the preaching of the Word, and the effectual work of the Spirit) are likewise foreordained. The proper posture before this doctrine is not boasting but humility, reverence, and abundant consolation in the God who saves sinners by His sovereign grace alone.
The Triumph of Samson at Gaza
Judges 16 records the final chapter of the Samson cycle, moving from the removal of Gaza's city gates through Samson's betrayal by Delilah to his death in the destruction of the temple of Dagon. Against readings that reduce Samson to a figure of ungoverned sexual appetite, this exposition argues that Samson is a faithful judge of Israel, Spirit-empowered and strategically purposeful, whose every encounter with the Philistines is ordered by divine providence toward the deliverance of God's people. The departure of Yahweh from Samson is traced not to moral degeneracy but to Samson's disclosure of the sign of his Nazirite vow, which jeopardized the mission for which he was set apart. Throughout, Samson is presented as a type of the Lord Jesus Christ, whose greater deliverance through death saves more than his life alone could accomplish.
2LCF Chapter 2 - Of God and of the Holy Trinity, Part 1
Eternal life consists in knowing the only true God and Jesus Christ whom he has sent (John 17:3), which means the knowledge of God is not optional for Christians but is the very substance of their salvation. This session opens a multi-week confession study of 2LCF Chapter 2 (Of God and of the Holy Trinity) by establishing what theology proper is — the study of the being, attributes, and works of the triune God — and why it is primary: it is grounded in God's creative purpose, commanded in Scripture, promised in the New Covenant (Jeremiah 31:31-34), and urgently needed in the face of false religion and bad theology. Six preliminary interpretive helps are then introduced to prepare the mind for rigorous and reverent engagement with the doctrine of God, including the necessity of recognising the ontological chasm between Creator and creature, God's revelatory condescension, and the joint propriety of affirmations and denials.
The Conduct of the New Man, Part 1
Ephesians 4:25–28 grounds the Christian's ethical conduct not in legal compulsion but in the indicative of redemption: the old man has been put off, the mind is being renewed, and the new man has been put on. This sermon works through three prohibited actions — lying, sinful anger, and theft — each examined under its corresponding commandment from the Decalogue (the Ninth, Sixth, and Eighth), with a prohibition, an exhortation, and a motivation for each. The ethical demands of the New Covenant are not a new law but the restoration of the creational law now internalized by the Spirit according to Jeremiah 31:31–34. The hearer is called to put off deceit, guard against nursed anger that gives opportunity to the devil, and replace theft with diligent labor aimed at charitable surplus.
The Idolatry of Israel, Part 1
Exodus 32:1–14 records the catastrophic breach of Israel's covenant oath, sworn only weeks earlier in Exodus 24, as the people demand a visible god and Aaron fashions the golden calf. The passage exposes the persistent human tendency toward idolatry — rooted in total depravity and inflamed by impatience, carnality, and the craving for a manageable deity — and demonstrates that their sin was not a denial of Yahweh but a second-commandment violation: representing the true God by a forbidden image. The sermon then turns to Moses' masterful intercession, grounded in appeals to God's power, his glory before the nations, and his covenant oath to the patriarchs, and concludes with extended treatment of divine immutability and anthropopathism to explain why Exodus 32:14 ('the Lord relented') cannot be made to teach flux or change in God.
The Joy of Abraham in the Day of Christ
John 8:54–59 presents the most concentrated claim to divine identity in this chapter: Jesus asserts unity with the Father, declares that Abraham rejoiced to see His messianic day, and finally identifies Himself as the eternal 'I Am' of Exodus 3:14. The sermon traces Abraham's anticipatory faith through the protoevangelium of Genesis 3:15, the Abrahamic covenant promises, and their fulfilment in Christ alone, demonstrating that old covenant saints were justified by grace alone through faith alone in Christ alone. The response of the religious leaders — picking up stones for blasphemy — confirms what they rightly understood Jesus to be claiming: equality with the Father. The sermon closes with a direct call to faith, contrasting the animosity of unbelieving Jerusalem with the joy of Abraham, and urging hearers not to harden themselves against the one who promises that whoever keeps His word shall never see death.
2LCF Chapter 24 - Of the Civil Magistrate, Part 2
The institution of monarchy in Israel, recorded in 1 Samuel 8, exposes the perennial danger of substituting a new form of government for trust in God—a sin Israel had already committed in 1 Samuel 4 and against which God had vindicated himself in chapter 7. The passage illustrates that total depravity applies not only to individuals but to corporate institutions, and that governments possessing legitimate divine sanction can nonetheless exploit those they govern. The sermon concludes with a survey of four historic approaches to the church-state relationship—Erastianism, Roman Catholic theocracy, theonomy, and the two-kingdoms framework—arguing that the two-kingdoms distinction, wherein Christ rules the church by his Word and the civil order by natural law, provides the most scripturally defensible framework for Christian citizenship.
2LCF Chapter 24 - Of the Civil Magistrate
Civil government is divinely ordained, not diabolical — a claim the Second London Baptist Confession of Faith (1689) sets out in chapter 24 and grounds in Romans 13:1–7 and the Noahic covenant. This study works through the confession's three paragraphs to establish the divine origin of the magistrate's authority, the lawfulness of Christian participation in civil office, and the Christian's duty of submission and prayer toward governing authorities. Against both Anabaptist withdrawal and statist overreach, the confession teaches that the magistrate is under God and over the people for God's glory and the public good — charged with maintaining justice and peace, wielding the sword against criminals and foreign aggressors, and accountable to God and the governed alike. Christians must yield subjection in all lawful things, yet obey God rather than men when civil law transgresses divine law.
A Defense of Self-Defense
Matthew 5:38–42, the fourth antithesis of the Sermon on the Mount, is frequently invoked to condemn self-defense, capital punishment, and military service — yet a careful reading reveals that Jesus is not contradicting the lex talionis of the Mosaic civil code but rather correcting the Pharisaic habit of applying that courtroom principle to personal, day-to-day relationships. The contrast is not Jesus versus Moses but Jesus versus bad hermeneutics: what the civil magistrate is authorized to do with the sword (Romans 13:1–4) stands entirely intact, and Exodus 22:2–3's legitimization of self-defense is nowhere repealed. The sermon works through Jesus' four illustrations — insult, property disputes, conscription, and benevolence — to show that Christ is calling his disciples to a disposition of patience and forbearance in ordinary life, not to a pacifism that would render them incapable of functioning in civil society.
2LCF Chapter 20 - Of the Gospel and of the Extent of the Grace Thereof
2 London Baptist Confession of Faith Chapter 20, 'Of the Gospel and of the Extent of the Grace Thereof,' addresses a chapter absent from the Westminster Confession but added by the Congregationalists in the Savoy Declaration and retained by the Particular Baptists to combat incipient deism and the General Baptist doctrine that sinners may be saved through general revelation alone. The sermon traces the chapter's four paragraphs through Romans 10, Luke 24, John 5, and Psalm 19 to demonstrate that the gospel of Christ has been the sole substance of special revelation since the protevangelium of Genesis 3:15, that general revelation is categorically insufficient to make Christ known, that God distributes gospel light with absolute sovereignty, and that effectual grace is indispensable alongside that revelation for the conversion of dead sinners. The double theme of the chapter — the necessity of special gospel revelation and the necessity of the Spirit's insuperable work — magnifies divine grace, grounds the missionary enterprise, and exposes the doctrine-of-sin deficiencies latent in every scheme that allows salvation apart from hearing Christ proclaimed.
The Laws Concerning Homicide and Bodily Injury, Part 3
Exodus 21:33–22:15 sets out Israel's case laws governing property damage, animal theft, and home defense — laws designed not as an exhaustive legal code but as representative principles equipping judges to adjudicate equitably. Three features of biblical law emerge with force: the pervasive principle of restitution (the offender must make the victim whole, not merely 'pay a debt to society'), the absence of a prison system in the Mosaic economy, and the explicit legitimacy of lethal self-defense when a thief breaks in under cover of darkness. The sermon calls hearers to appreciate the pro-victim orientation of God's law and to think biblically about criminal justice, property rights, and self-defense in the present civil order.
The Light of the World
In John 8:12, Jesus declares 'I am the light of the world,' a claim that situates him within the great 'I Am' tradition of Exodus 3:14 and the Isaianic servant songs, asserting both his full deity as the eternal Son and the universal scope of his messianic mission to Jew and Gentile alike. The sermon traces the 'I Am' statements across John's Gospel, showing that Jesus consciously identifies himself with Yahweh and that the light-imagery of the Old Testament finds its fulfillment in his person and work. Darkness in John is not physical but ethical — the guilt, depravity, and rebellion of a world that hates the light — and the follower of Christ, by grace through faith, passes from that darkness into the light of life. The church is therefore called to hold forth the word of the gospel as light in a morally darkened age, trusting that God is able to transfer sinners from the kingdom of darkness into the kingdom of his Son.